A Comparison of Selected Biomechanical Parameters of Front Row Spike between Short Set and High Set Ball

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the selected biomechanical parameters of front row spike between short set and high set ball for intervarsity level volleyball players. Methods: Eight Intervarsity level male volleyball players (22.5±2.00 yrs, 1.78±0.05m and 65.09±6.83kg) were selected as the subjects for this study from University of Kalyani and Visva-Bharati University, West Bengal, India. All subjects were right-handed volleyball players. The players were allowed to have warm-up and trials. The action of short and high set ball spiking was recorded by a digital video camera (Sony, 24 fps). Recorded data were analyzed with the help of power DVD software. The selected kinematics variables were approach speed, jump height, duration of flight and ball velocity. The other segmental take off angles were also be studied in this study those were ankle angle, knee angle and hip angle. The mean, standard deviation and t-test was used for statistical analysis of the data. Result and Discussion: The results revealed that insignificant difference exists between short set and high set ball front row spike performance for intervarsity level volleyball players except jump height and duration of flight which were significantly differ for short set and high set ball front row spike. Conclusion: This study describes the kinematic characteristics of the male volleyball short set and high set front row spike. It was noted that short set front row spike had a greater approach speed and shorter duration of flight, jump height and ball velocity than that of high set front row spike.


Introduction:
The volleyball game has a number of fundamental techniques of which the spike is one of the most difficult to master but demanding for high performance. Spike is the most dramatic and popular skills in volleyball which provides an exciting and dynamic skill that is captivating for players and spectators alike. The athlete is expected to jump and hit the ball with maximum force and accuracy at the approximate peak of the jump. Analysis of this technique has become the focus of attention of biomechanical research for last a few decades. Prsala (1982) identified four phases of the spike technique: the approach, preparation, hitting, and landing. The approach involves two or three controlled running strides, a transitional last step to prepare for the transfer of horizontal momentum to vertical momentum, and a double footed vertical jump. In the preparatory phase, the striking arm is swung upward in an abducted and laterally rotated position. The elbow is flexed at approximately 90 degrees and the wrist is hyper-extended. During hitting phase, the shoulder is elevated; the upper arm is inwardly rotated and adducted; the forearm is extended at the elbow and the wrist is flexed. The athlete absorbs the downward momentum by flexing the joints of the lower extremities when landing. Coleman et al. (1993) studied on ten male international male volleyball players who spiked the ball in the front row at the 1991 World Students Games. They reported the mean vertical velocity of the Centre of Mass (COM) at take off was 3.59 m/s and height of the jump was 0.62m. Saunder (1980) studied the effects of approach speed on one and two-foot vertical jump performances. He found that vertical velocities of two-foot jump peaked when the approach speed was up to 50-60 % of maximum sprint speed and the vertical velocities of one-foot jumps were up to 60-70 % of maximum sprint speed. It is important to understand the mechanical factors, which contribute to the successful spiking action. The purpose of this study was to analyze the selected kinematic factors -approach speed, jump height, duration of flight, ball velocity and segmental angles during takeoff in front row spike

INTRODUCTION
-If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.‖ -Hippocrates Health is a common theme in most culture. In fact, all communities have their concept of health, as part of their culture, among definition still used, probably the oldest is that health is the -absence of disease‖. In some culture, health and harmony are considered equivalent, harmony being defined as -being at peace with the self, the community, god and cosmos‖. The ancient Indian and Greeks shared this concept and attributed disease to disturbances in bodily equilibrium of what they called -humours‖.
The concept that people need physical activity is not new. What is new is the idea that activity need not be overly strenuous to provide benefit. Traditionally, people have been given advise on how much exercise they should perform, usually including recommendations to work out at vigorous intensities for prolonged period of time. It was though that this kind of exercise was necessary to improve health and physical fitness.
Healthy people generally maintain positive attitudes toward fitness. They see it as an integral part of their lifestyle and typically schedule regular periods of time to undertake physical activities. Now a days People are more aware towards health and fitness. Now people have more positive attitude towards health fitness. The reason of walking or exercise may be different like some for recreation, some for fitness, some for to keep them away from disease like obesity and diabetes a number of student has been conducted on effect of walking or exercise or fitness or other aspect of fitness but there is no study which Researcher the attitude of walkers towards health and fitness. Researcher take the middle age and old age population because the generally the people this age suffer from lower fitness or any disease in last ten years there is a drastical change in number of walkers specially in cities so the author to conducts a study on attitude of walkers.
Aging and ultimate death seem characteristic of all living organisms. Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis progressively decrease the tissue oxygen supply, and in some organs such as the brain, cells that die are not replaced. In other tissues, the cell constituents change with aging; for example, cross-linkages develop between adjacent collagen fibrils, decreasing their elasticity and facilitating mechanical injury. In consequence, most biological functions show a progressive, age-related deterioration.
Bastos , et al conducted a study on Motives for participation in physical activity by Brazilian adults. The purpose of the investigation was to examine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire which assessed motives of Brazilian adults for participation in physical activities, compared motives for participation in walking and fitness programs, and examined differences by sex, age, and education. Participants were 100 men and 138 women, ages 16 to 60 years (M=30.5, SD=11.4). Factor analysis identified four factors which were fairly consistent with previous research. Improvement in physical appearance and enjoyment were rated significantly more important reasons for participants in fitness programs than for walkers. Men were more motivated by social experience than women. Young adults rated importance lower in health and fitness and rated enjoyment, social experience, and improvement in appearance of higher importance. Health and fitness were considered more important by participants with more education. These results are consistent with previous research on the factors underlying motives for regular exercise and support the importance of considering differences associated with culture.
Kirkby and others conducted a study on Cultural factors in exercise participation of older adults. The purpose of the study was to know the influence of Cultural factors in exercise participation of older adults. Participation motives were investigated in 81 Australian-born and 42 overseas-born older Australians (M age = 67.8 yr.) involved in communityorganised exercise programs. Australians born overseas scored significantly higher on factors of Affiliation/Personal, Recognition/Achievement, and Exercise Involvement of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire but not on Fitness.
Kolt and others conducted a study on older Australians participate in exercise and sport. The purpose of the study was to carried out to identify the participation motives of older Australians involved in regular exercise and sport. The 815 participants (399 men, 416 women) ranged in age from 55 to 93 years (M = 63.6, SD = 7.8) and were participating in their activities of choice at least once per week. All participants completed the Participation Motivation Questionnaire for Older Adults. The most common exercise/sport activities that participants were involved in were walking, golf, lawn bowls, tennis, and swimming. The most highly reported motives for participation were to keep healthy, liking the activity, to improve fitness, and to maintain joint mobility. Principal-components analysis of the questionnaire revealed 6 factors: social, fitness, recognition, challenge/benefits, medical, and involvement. Analyses of variance showed significant differences in reasons for participation in exercise and sport based on gender, age, education level, and occupation.
Frandin K conductes a study on Walking habits and health-related factors in a 70-year-old population. The purpose of the study was to find out the attitude of old age walkers in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. A representative population sample of 619 of 70-year-old people in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden were selected as subjects for the study. Walking was the most common physical activity declared, and two thirds of those without an obvious disability walked 30 min or more every day. Subjects who took a daily walk of at least 30 min had a significantly better climbing capacity, higher bone mineral content and lower concentration of blood triglycerides than subjects who walked less. Male 'walkers' had a significantly larger lung volume than 'non-walkers'. Walkers had a more positive attitude towards physical activity as well as a higher estimation of their own physical fitness than non-walkers. Material and Method: -Selection of Subjects: -One Hundred male and female middle old walkers from different part of Gwalior were randomly selected as subjects for the study. The average age of the subjects was 40 to 80 years. The subjects selected are regular walkers in the morning hours at Madhav Rao Scindia sports complex, jiwaji University, Gwalior. Criterion Measure: -The selection of proper tools was of vital importance for the study since the aim was to assess the attitude of the walkers towards the health and fitness in different part of the Gwalior. It was decided to use attitude questionnaire as the tools. The questionnaire consist 7 questions related to various aspects of health and fitness like Physical Fitness, Aging, Diabetes, blood pressure, heart disease, Social status, facilities etc., so as to get maximum worthwhile detailed and meaningful information from the sample.

Conclusion
Within the limitations of the present study the following conclusions may be drawn: 1.
It was concluded that mostly people walk, Run, and do Exercise for better health, and come to walk for remaining themselves physical fit, some of them come for overcoming aging, some to improving digestion, and some of them come for leisure time recreation to meet his friends or pass free time at old age.

2.
It was also concluded that some people come to rehabilitate diabetes blood pressure, to overcome due to heart disease, and some of them come to show as social status, to discuss local politics, to get fresh air etc.

3.
It was Concluded that very less people wants to physical education is compulsory for school student or college students, or university students and teacher only, but more than 85% people are in favour of that Physical Education should be compulsory for all including school, college or university students and Teachers..

4.
It was again concluded that more than 88% people give his opinion that govt. should provide good parks for exercise of citizens , and very less people think that no need of providing the parks for exercise of citizens.

5.
It was also concluded that from the table that 93% people believe that India need to have more sports grounds than hospitals and rest people believe that hospitals are more important than grounds hospitals cannot be replaced by Sports grounds or exercise parks.

INTRODUCTION
Theoretically, flow, as an optimal mental state, would be expected to be associated with optimal athletic performance as well as providing an optimal experience. Flow is generally viewed as a peak performance state, and there is some support for this assumption (e.g., Jackson & Roberts, 1992;McInman & Grove, 1991). Nonetheless, more research is needed to empirically examine the relationship between flow and performance in sport. To advance knowledge in this area, it is important to examine specific psychological constructs with theoretical relevance to optimal performance in order to understand what psychological processes might be contributing to quality of performance. The first and primary construct examined was flow. Flow is an optimal psychological state that occurs when there is a balance between perceived challenges and skills in an activity (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). It is a state of concentration so focused that it amounts to absolute absorption in an act concentration so focused that it amounts to absolute absorption in an activity. Research on flow in sport and exercise has increased in recent years (e.g., Jackson, 1992;Jackson, Kimiecik, Ford, & Marsh, 1998;Jackson & Marsh, 1996;Kimiecik & Stein, 1992) has encouraged application of flow theory to physical activity settings, which is where some of his initial research into flow began. Based on their respective research findings, Jackson and Csikszentmihalyi (1999) have recently written a book describing flow in sport and how to attain this optimal mental state. Knowledge of factors associated with the attainment of flow is an important goal for those interested in the quality of athletes' experience and performance in competition.
According to Jackson (1996) flow experience during exercise can lead to high enjoyment, which, in turn, appears to play an important role in exercise adherence (Martin and Dubbert, 1982;Dishman et al., 1985;Wankel, 1985). Empirical research has substantiated this prediction (Ryan et al., 1997). Hence, an understanding of factors that promote flow states in exercise will inform the strategies of exercise practitioners who are interested in promoting enjoyment and adherence to exercise. In addition, Kimiecik and Harris (1996) suggested that flow leads to positive affective reactions, which they equate with enjoyment. Research has shown that each one of these dimension is part of the definition of flow (Jackson & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999;Jackson & Eklund, 2004;Jackson et al., 1998;Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2001). However, Jackson and Eklund (2004) have proposed that some of these flow dimensions can be more relevant than others, and for different kinds of athletes. The challenge-skill ratio has been an important part of the definition of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1991). Thus, the challenge-skill balance, which is based on the challenge-skill ratio, seems to be of special importance. Since Csikszentmihalyi's (1975)  flow scale (DFS-2) to assess athletes' experience of the nine flow characteristics. The athletes are asked about general experiences of the flow experience in a particular activity the athlete chooses. Another scale developed by the same authors is the flow state scale-2 (FSS-2), which assesses the flow state right after completing an activity. Jackson et al. (1998) have suggested that experiencing flow states frequently when involved in a specific activity promotes the desire to perform the activity for its own sake. In other words, the activity becomes autotelic (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975(Csikszentmihalyi, , 1990) that is, the reasons for participation are grounded in the process of involvement in the activity and not in attaining goals that are external to the activity. It appears that attaining flow during exercise may promote intrinsic motivation, which, in turn, has been shown to enhance persistence in participation (Ryan et al., 1997).
A closed skill sport athlete basically knows when and how to execute the movements /skills, which are unlikely to change or influenced by external factors. Closed skill sports may include skills which are trained in a set pattern and have clear beginning and endings, such as athletics, swimming, bowling, gymnastics, shooting etc. Closed sports include skills which have the tendency to be self-paced and require focus on a relatively unchanged environment (Lerner et al., 1996). Open skilled sports are sports which include execution of skills which are determined by the constant change of the environment. Skills are adapted to the instability of the environment which are predominantly perceptual and paced externally (Knapp, 2002). These sports are such as football, tennis, badminton, handball and basketball etc. As a result, the present study was conducted to determine the significant difference between open and closed skill athletes with regards to dispositional Flow Scale-2.

Material and Methods Subjects
To obtain data, the investigators had selected one hundred and twenty (N=120) male university level athletes of 19 to 25 years of age to act as subjects. They were divided into two groups; sixty (n=60) open skill athletes and sixty (n=60) closed skill athletes of various games and sports. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. To measure the level of dispositional flow state of the subjects, the flow state battery constructed by Jackson & Eklund (2004) was administered.

Methodology
The flow scales are self-reported instruments designed to assess the construct of flow or optimal experience. The scale was designed and validated primarily in physical activity settings. Flow is construct that both excites and mystifies those seeking to understand and experience it. Because it represent those moments when everything -come together‖ for the performer, it is a much sought-after state. The flow scales assess nine dimension of flow. From these dimension, two versions of the scales were developed. These two versions are Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) and Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2). The Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) as self-reported instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. When administering the DFS-2, the recommended name for each questionnaire is Activity Experience Scale, respectively. These names reflect what is being assessed in general, without biasing respondents according to their understanding of the term flow. In order to focus the respondent on one selected activity when answering the scale, the following lead-in statement is included with these instructions. -When participating in (name activity)….‖ The rating scale used for the DFS-2 is a 5-point likert scale, ranging from -1‖ (never) to -5‖ (always). The premise for using this type of assessment is that people who report more frequent occurrence of flow characteristics possess greater predisposition towards experiencing flow.

Statistical Analysis
The‗t' test was applied to find out the significant differences between open and closed skill athletes with regards to dispositional Flow Scale-2. It has been observed from the above results that statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were found between open and closed skill athletes. The open skill athletes have demonstrated significantly better on the sub-variables; challenge skill balance, action-awareness merging, unambiguous feedback, autotelic experience and overall dispositional flow scale-2 than the closed skill athletes. However, insignificant differences (P>0.05) were found with regard to the sub-variables; clear goals, concentration on the task at hand, sense of control, loss of self-consciousness and transformation of time.

Discussion
It is evident from the findings of table-2 with regard to dispositional flow state scale-2 that significant differences have been observed on the sub-variables; challenge skill balance, action awareness merging, unambiguous feedback, autotelic experience and overall dispositional flow scale-2 between open and closed skill athletes. While comparing the mean values of both the groups, it has been observed that open skill athletes have performed significantly better on challenge skill balance, action awareness merging, unambiguous feedback, autotelic experience and overall dispositional flow scale-2. The above results might be the outcome of sense of balance between the perceived demands of the activity and the skills, deep involvement of the players when the activity feels spontaneous and automatic, inherent feedback in the activity, enjoyable experience that is intrinsically rewarding and flow experience characteristics with in particular setting present in the open skill athletes which enabled them to outshine the closed skill athletes. However, no significant differences have been observed on the sub-variables; clear goals, concentration on the task at hand, sense of control, loss of selfconsciousness and transformation of time between open and closed skill athletes. It can be safely summed up that both the groups were equally developed on the extent attitude of the players which enabled them to know exactly what they are going to do, focus on the activity, control over the demands of the activity without conscious effort, knows what is happening in mind & body and sense of time being distorted. These findings substantiate the assertion of Jackson et al. (1998) that the strongest associations between a self-report assessment of performance and flow state were with the autotelic experience and challenge skill balance dimensions of flow. When considering the errors reported by the orienteering sample, several flow dimensions were significant predictors. One unexpected finding was a positive relationship between the flow dimension, unambiguous feedback, and number of errors made. It seems that feedback regarding performance, when it focused on errors rather than positive aspects of performance, may have the unwanted effect of generating more errors. Csikszentmihalyi's (1990) descriptions of the feedback dimension of flow focus on the information provided by an activity that lets the person know about the progress he/she is making toward the desired goal. Whether this feedback is positive or negative has not been portrayed as critical; Csikszentmihalyi has highlighted rather the immediate and clear nature of the feedback in flow. Predictions made regarding the relationship of flow to performance were moderately well supported. Not surprisingly, the stronger relationships were found between flow and the self-reported performance levels. Future research should include more frequent flow assessments during performance to more thoroughly examine relationships between flow experience and performance. In tennis, one way to gather more information would be to apply a shortened flow measure that could be filled out during the breaks when swapping sides. Kimiecik and Stein (1992) proposed a two-part experience form to measure flow in golf, with the first questionnaire assessing possible antecedents of flow, such as confidence, concentration, expectations, and competency before playing the hole, whereas the second questionnaire examines key flow dimensions, such as challenges and skills, goals, concentration, and control to be filled out after the completion of the hole. A similar approach in sports that offer time for athletes to complete flow measures during performance, such as tennis, would more clearly pinpoint antecedents of flow and provide more detailed information on the connection and interaction of flow and performance.

Conclusion
It is concluded from the above findings that significant differences were found between open and closed skill athletes on the sub-variables; challenge skill balance, action awareness merging, unambiguous feedback, autotelic experience and overall dispositional flow scale-2. However, insignificant differences were found with regard to the subvariables; clear goals, concentration on the task at hand, sense of control, loss of self-consciousness and transformation of time.

Introduction
Obesity is recognized as a major global burden to health (Wearing, et al., 2006). In India when the child reaches adolescence their level of physical activity declines. There is evidence (Wang, et al., 2002) that children and adolescents of urban families are more overweight than rural, possibly because of decreased physical activities, sedentary lifestyle, altered eating patterns and increased fat content of the diet. Increase in sedentary activities, such as television viewing and computer games, is suspected to be responsible for the decline in physical activity levels.
Poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle strength and abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are important predictive factors of morbidity and mortality associated with obesity (Miyatake, et al., 2004;Wei, et al., 1999;Hulens, et al., 2001;Grassi, et al., 2004;Piccirillo, et al., 1998). Physical exercise is a key strategy in the management of obesity. Numerous health-related benefits have been observed in overweight and obese people who participate in exercise training programs, even in those without significant weight loss (ACSM, 2009; Ciolac and Guimaraes, 2004). For example, CRF improves in overweight and obese subjects following exercise training programs (Church, et al., 2007;Irving, et al., 2008;Menshikova, et al., 2005).
The normal heart rate depends upon your age, gender and health and can vary greatly for both athletes and nonathletes. In general, a person's resting heart rate indicates their basic fitness level. The stronger the heart, the more blood it can pump during each contraction, and the less frequently it needs to beat to get adequate blood flow (circulation) and oxygen to the body tissues. A well trained athlete can have a very low resting heart rate and pump more blood than an unconditioned individual.
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of heart with each contraction is called the stroke volume. Although some conditions can affect a person's stroke volume, endurance and high intensity cardiovascular exercise training often increases stroke volume (Bonaduce, et al.,1998). A larger stroke volume results in a lower (resting) heart rate (Nottin, et al., 2002). However, longer diastole influences the resting heart rate in athletes (Nottin, et al., 2002). In order to eradicate obesity it is therefore important to encourage sustainable physical activity habits in children, and further reinforcing these habits in adolescents, which will help establish desirable healthy lifestyle patterns that continue into adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of varied combinations of resistance training, aerobic training and yogic practices on aerobic capacity and cardiovascular parameters of obese adolescent children.

Methods Subjects and variable
A total of forty five (45) male obese subjects having BMI 30.0 -39.9 were selected for the study. Their age ranged between 10 to 14 years. These subjects were randomly distributed in three groups namely resistance aerobic training group (RATG), resistance and yoga training group (RYTG) and control group (CG) each group consisting of 15 subjects each. All subjects undergo serious health checkup prior to the study to avoid death during training or testing. Each subject reported to the Department of Physical Education, E. R. Higher Secondary School, Trichy and they were tested cardiorespiratory fitness before and after training. Aerobic capacity, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure was measured. Aerobic capacity was measured by one mile run and walk test and Omron blood pressure monitor was used to measure cardiovascular parameters.

Pilot Study
Prior to the formal study sessions, a pilot study was conducted to validate research procedure and the initial capacity of the participants to design the training programme. For the purpose, twelve participants (n=10) were selected at random, who had BMI 30.0 -39.9 were selected (ACSM, guidelines, 2000). The selected subjects underwent combination of resistance and aerobic training group (n=10). This group underwent 5 session of training under the watchful eyes of the investigator. The initial loads of the participants were fixed and the training programme for both groups were designed separately based on the performance in the pilot study.

Resistance training Programme schedule
Resistance training was administered to obese subject for 90 min/workout. The equipments used are free weights and exercise meachines available in E.R. Higher Secondary School, Trichy. The load designed for these subjects as intensity between 60-85% 1RM, 6-12 repetitions, 3-4 sets and 1 min rest between tri-sets. The training load was increased by 5% every week. These subjects performed resistance training 3days/week (Monday, Wednesday & Friday) for eight weeks.

Aerobic training Programme schedule
Aerobic training was given for 2 days per week (Tuesday and Thusday). We used the formula proposed by Gerbeaux et al., (1991) to calculate Maximal aerobic speed (MAS). The MAS was used as a criterion velocity to set running paces for high-intensity short intermittent exercises. The MAS of the obese subjects are 2.70 m/s and intensities are fixed from 100 to 130%. Each session was preceded by a standardized warm-up: 1× (10×10s), (7× 15s), (5× 20s) at 100% of MAS (one set of 10 repetitions of 10 s or 7 repetitions of 15s or 5 repetitions of 20 s of running at 100% of MAS, punctuated by 10s, 15s, 20s of recovery). Between each set, the recovery was of 3 min. Exercise time was 30min for each session. The training schedule followed for eight weeks.

Yoga training
The yoga group practiced a mixed set of yoga techniques daily, in the form of asana. They performed two asanas every week and keep on adding two asanas for six week and last two week they performed sixth week schedule. The asanas are Ekpada Uttan Asana, Uttanpada Asana, Bhujanga Asana, Shalabha Asana, Santulan Asana, Pawanmukta Asana, Suryanamaskar Asana, Dhanur Asana, Ardha Vakra Asana, Paschimottan Asana, Supta Vajra Asana, Matsyendra Asana. After practicing asana they rest is shava Asana for the sipulated period. They practice yoga daily.

Statistical analysis
For this study Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The proposed hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of confidence. Beside this mean and standard deviation were also calculated. SPSS statistic software package (SPSS Company, America, version 17.0) was used.

Results
It is clear from the table 1 that the pre test and post test showed no significant difference in aerobic capacity, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. However, adjusted post test mean value showed significant difference in aerobic capacity (F = 9.515, p < 0.05), resting heart rate (F = 4.904, p < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (F = 4.107, p < 0.05). The covariate is significant, indicating that aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and systolic blood pressure before training had a significant improvement after 8 weeks of training. Since, adjusted post test mean is significant Scheffé S post hoc was applied and presented in table 2.  Table 2, the Scheffé S post hoc test showed significant difference between the groups on aerobic capacity at 0.05 level of confidence. Thus, it is concluded that 8 weeks of RATG found to be better than RYTG in improving aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and systolic blood pressure among adolescent male obese childrens.

Discussion findings
It is evident in this study that significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness noticed in combined training effect of resistance and aerobic training. These results were also in line with the previous literature that endurance training  (Wisløff, et al., 2007;Meyer, et al., 2006), and is now increasingly recommended in the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity (Haskell, et al., 2007). Scientific evidence and clinical observations support the contention that participation in strengthbuilding activities gives obese children and adolescents a chance to experience success and gain confidence in their abilities to be physically active (Shabi, et al., 2006;Sothern, 2001;Sothern, et al., 2000). Although endurance training can increase stroke volume (Bonaduce, et al.,1998). A larger stroke volume results in a lower (resting) heart rate (Nottin, et al., 2002) and lowered systolic blood pressure (Nottin, et al., 2002).
In addition to enhancing muscular strength and local muscular endurance, appropriately prescribed and competently supervised resistance training programs may also positively influence bone mineral density, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood lipids, and psychosocial well-being (Faigenbaum, 2007).

Conclusion
RATG for 8 weeks is better than RYTG in significantly altering improving aerobic capacity, resting heart rate and systolic blood pressure of obese children.

Introduction
Rhythmicity is a fundamental feature of existence and circadian rhythms have been observed in the vast majority of human physiological variables (Reilly, Atkinson, Waterhouse, 1997). One of the more fundamental rhythms is that of the sleep-wakefulness cycle which is harmonised with the natural alternation of daylight and darkness in the environment. Patterns of food and fluid ingestion also fit a diurnal rhythm, in time with arrangements for sleeping and being active. The ingestion of food and liquid is highly influenced not only by immediate biological needs but also by external factors such as social circumstances, habit and individual and family choices.
Normal patterns of fluid and food intake are broken when the sleep-wake cycle is disrupted. Different types of disturbance are attributable to time-zone transitions, working on rotating shift systems and sleep deprivation. Sleep-wake cycles are also affected by ageing (Reilly, Atkinson, Waterhouse, 1997) and so is the autonomic drive to imbibe fluid (Ainslie, et al, 2002). This study is on Ramadan, a holy month for Muslims.
During Ramadan one of the most important rules of Islam is that any healthy adult Muslim must refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and sexual relations from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar. Since this is a lunar calendar, the timing of this month of fast changes each year and the duration of restricted food and beverage intake can vary from between twelve to sixteen hours. Intake is restricted to the night hours within a short span of time, which thus delays sleep and reduces its duration. Environmental factors such as the timing of the rest-activity cycle (Apfelbaum, Reinberg, Nillus, Halberg, 1969) and meals (Zigmond, Shoemaker, Larin, Wurtman, 1969;Halberg, 1974;Nelson, Scheving, Halberg, 1975) play a part in the synchronization of individuals to the 24-h day (and are accordingly known as synchronisers). They modulate or modify one or several of the parameters characterising the circadian rhythm of a biologic variable (Reinberg, 1991;Touitou, Haus, 1994). We have previously shown that changes in the circadian rhythms of nutrition-related biological variables (Iraki, Bogdan, Hakkou, Abkari, Touitou, 1997) occur during Ramadan. The purpose of the present study was to assess diurnal variations in selected physical variables before and during Ramadan fasting.

Subjects
Volunteers meeting the inclusion criteria participated in this study after giving their informed written consent. The study design was in accordance with the guidelines issued by the ethics committee Annamalai University. The investigation

Statistical analysis
Time series were analysed with a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA; 2 within, 0 between) with SPSS software (11.5 version) to test the time-related variations (effect of time in both experimental conditions), the influence of Ramadan upon the 12-h mean concentrations (Ramadan vs. control) and the possible interaction of Ramadan upon the time-related variations (experimental day and time interaction).
To evaluate rhythmicity, the single cosinor method (Nelson, Tong, Lee, Halberg, 1979) was used. The single cosinor method identifies and evaluates the cosine mathematical function best fitting the data as a function of time. The function, f(t) = M + A cos (ωt + ϕ), defines three parameters characteristic of each statistically significant rhythm: MESOR; amplitude; acrophase. MESOR (midline estimating statistic of rhythm) approximates the arithmetical mean of the data for a 24-hour period, and amplitude is the measure of one half the extent of HR rhythmic variation in a cycle.

Results
ANOVA (Table 1) shows statistically significant time related variations (time effect) and during Ramadan (Ramadan vs. control) for speed, speed endurance, agility and power. Experimental day and time interaction showed that during Ramadan, compared with control period, time related variations of speed, speed endurance, agility and power changed significantly.
The mean cosinor were calculated for speed, speed endurance, agility and power before and 23 rd day of Ramadan with day time fasting. Table 2 shows the parameters that characterize the diurnal variation of the subjects were monitored in two different experimental conditions. A different situation appears for the Achrophase, the speed peaks at 13:57 (before Ramadan) to 14:59 (23 rd day of Ramadan fasting). It means a delay of at least 1:02 hours. The speed endurance peaks at 12:52 (before Ramadan) to 16

Discussion
Ramadan is the month during which Muslims must refrain from eating and drinking from sunrise until sunset while maintaining their usual social and occupational activities. These long-lasting modifications-daytime fasting accompanied by a delay and shortening of night-time sleep and changes in behaviour and social habits-have been shown to result in a phase delay of many biological rhythms (André Bogdan, Belal Bouchareb, Yvan Touitou, 2001).
There is fairly comprehensive evidence of circadian rhythms in many aspects of human performance. In fasting individuals, this rhythm is likely to be reduced in amplitude, due to the length of time without food at the time of day that performance capabilities should be at their zenith. There are also likely to be peripheral (local muscular) as well as central (cerebral) influences on the variations in muscle performance over the solar day, both of which are likely to be impaired by food deprivation. All these expected changes in performance with time of day are likely to be due not only to the body clock (Atkinson, Drust, Reilly, Waterhouse, 2003) but also to exogenous influences including lifestyle and nutrition.
A factor that is obviously relevant to the fasting athlete during the period of Ramadan is the timing of training. Normally, high intensity exercise is best tolerated at the time that resting core temperature is at its high-point (Atkinson, Reilly, 1996). Dehydration and lack of food intake are likely to mean that the quality of the training stimulus will be impaired if training is conducted in the middle or towards the end of a diurnal fast. There is some suggestion of habituating to training at a particular time of day, Edwards et al. (Edwards, Edwards, Waterhouse, Atkinson, Reilly, 2005) reporting that competitive performance in cycle time-trials is influenced positively by training at that time in the days before racing. Whilst exercising in the daytime during Ramadan may lead to such a habituation effect, performance is still likely to be impaired by nutritional restrictions after sunrise.
Kirkendall, Zerguini, Dembri, Junge, Dvorak (2006) focused on two professional teams in Algiers in their investigation of the impact of Ramadan on biochemical and performance indices of soccer players. By the end of the period of fasting, the players displayed decreases in sprinting speed, agility, speed of dribbling and 12-min run performance. These changes were accompanied by reductions in blood cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides and glucose. Most players felt they had poorer quality of sleep, training and match performance during the period of fasting. These negative states would in turn have an adverse effect on motivation for exercise. When players were re-examined 2 weeks after the end of Ramadan, many of the blood variables had recovered to normal but performance measures were still below initial baseline values.
In conclusion, the studies completed so far are of limited value in helping to understand how performance is affected by the intermittent fasting practised during Ramadan. A fall in performance may be caused by alterations in circadian rhythms, fatigue due to disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle or a reduction in energy reserves-or, more likely, by an interaction of all these factors. The time of day at which testing has been conducted, the fitness levels of subjects and the measurements made may be critical. In certain circumstances, athletes may be exempt from the fast and so may not experience the same dietary discomfort as strict religious adherents. Dispensations apply when athletes are ill or are travelling. For those reasons it is not clear how practicing Muslims might best maintain their training programmes in harmony with altered circadian rhythms during Ramadan. The temporal programming of physical activity is a tool capable of modifying the temporal structure of physical, physiological and biochemical variables. This approach can be of great interest for coaches who plan training programs and it may benefit athletes when time zone adjustment is an issue, such as transferring to a different continent for a competitive event.

INTRODUCTION
Sports in the present world has become extremely competitive. It is not the mere participation or practice that brings out victory to an individual. Therefore, sports life is affected by various factors, like Physiology, Biomechanics, Sports Training, Sports Medicine, Sociology and Psychology etcetera. All the coaches, trainers, physical education personnels and doctors are doing their best to improve the performance of the players of their country. Athlete / Player of all the countries are also trying hard to bring laurels / medals for their countries in International Competitions (Ghuman and Dhillon,2000). Sports training is done for improving sports performance. The sports performance as any other type of human performance, is not the product of single system or aspect of human personality. On the contrary, it is the product of the total personality of the sports person. The personality of a person has several dimensions e.g. physical, physiological, social and psychic. In order to improve sports performance, the social and psychic capacities of the sports person also have to be improved in addition to the physical and physiological ones. In other words, the total personality of a sportsman has to be improved in order to enhance his performance. Sport's training, therefore, directly and indirectly aims at improving the personality of the sportsman. No wonder, therefore, sports training is an educational process (Hardayal Singh,1991).Scientific training methods and application of basic principles of body mechanics in sports skill have been attributed to the higher level of performance in sports skills performance is the combined result of co-ordinated exertion and integration of a variety of functions. Genetic factor probably plays an important role in an individual's performance. It appears that upto seventy percent of an individual's maximal force, power or capacity is a matter of genetic factor. The environments as well as geographic location too play an important role in performance. Moreover performance to a certain extent depends upon the physical and motor fitness qualities in which definite improvement can be achieved through appropriate training (Bourchers and Malina,1999). According to Fox sports training is a programme of exercise designed to improve the skills and increase the energy capacities of an athlete for a particular event. These basic training procedures will serve better when utilized with modifications suited to individuals or a group dealt with. The training programme should look into improving the performance of the athletes and at the same time should prevent injury from taking place. Sports training is a basic preparation for better performance through physical exercise. It is based on scientific principles of aiming at education and performance enhancement. Sports activities consist of motor movement and action and their success depends to a great extent on how correctly they are performed. Techniques of training and improvement of tactical efficiency play a vital role in a training process. Resistance training is an anaerobic form of exercise. This training programme can be used to enhance the ability of the body to perform at very high force and / or power outputs for a very short period of time to improve the ability of the body to perform repeated bouts of maximal activity (Baechle,1994 weight training and more recently, plyometric training have enchanced some competitive performances. Most typically this has been reported as an improvement in vertical jumping ability. Many studies have reported that resistance training has enhanced muscular strength, but failed to induce changes in dynamic sporting performance. Over the past 20 years, the use of resistance training has progressed from an activity performed by relatively few strength athletes to a permanent feature of the training routines of most sportspersons. Although there is a variety of resistance training methods one can use to enhance muscular power. During the past two decades, speed training programmes have been successfully developed for several sports in which running is a basic skill. More recently however, coaches who have athletes in other sports have been using similar methods to increase the speed of their performers, with very good results. Speed training, like strength, flexibility and mental skills training has now become an important ingredient in the total programme, particularly where speed of movement is essential in the sport. The aim of speed training is to condition the athlete to move at high velocity, employing maximal power when needed. In order to do this, the neuromuscular system must be conditioned to very fast movements and training need to be very specific, with a very high anaerobic component. If an athlete is to reach full potential in a sport and if speed of movement is a necessary component, the speed and velocity demands of the sport must be carefully analyzed (Bloomfield et al., 1994). Speed is one of the most important physical qualities required for successful performance in jumps, especially in the horizontal jump and in the pole vault. The amount of speed required is slightly different in the event due to differing emphasis in the take off. It is said that sprinters are born not made and it is certainly true that natural ability will always play a major role in sports events. However, the standard is high and the competition is so fierce at present that no sprinter can achieve real success without correct techniques and proper training. It has been established that running speed can be improved through training. Eicher (1975) is of the opinion that speed is the product of two factors, stride length and stride frequency. Increasing either factor automatically increases a runner's sprinting speed. From training point of view, it appears that the stride length can be increased by increasing the leg strength. Though stride frequency is an inborn quality, it might be possible to improve slightly through training. It appears that this improvement also brings about a corresponding shortening of stride length. In stride frequency, time becomes our concern. When we reduce the time necessary to apply force at take off and eliminate wasted time in the air, then stride frequency will improve. Stride frequency is the time required to complete a stride and is limited by the length of the stride. Thus, although stride length is determined when force is applied by pushing against the ground, stride frequency is merely the time required to complete that stride. Again, maximum speed is achieved when stride length and stride frequency are in correct proportion (Dintiman et al.,  1998). The relationship between strength and speed is well known. Speed performance can be improved rapidly by improving the explosive strength of the concerned muscle groups. A decrease in strength always has negative effect on speed performance. Because of the importance of explosive strength and its high trainability most of the times, speed performance is improved by improving explosive strength. Explosive strength further depends on muscle co-ordination. It also depends on metabolic process. Except muscle composition, all other factors can be improved through training (Hardayal Singh, 1991).

METHODOLOGY
In this context, the investigator made an attempt to analyze the effect of three different intensity resistance training on motor fitness. The purpose of the present investigation was to find out the influence of different intensity resistance training on selected speed parameters such as speed, stride length and stride frequency. To achieve the purpose of this study, sixty men students studying bachelor's degree course in the department of physical education and sports sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu were randomly selected as subjects. The subjects were divided into four groups namely high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group, medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training group, low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group of fifteen subjects each. The experimental groups were trained for four non-alternative days in a week for twelve weeks.The control group who were not engaged in any special activities other than their regular curricular activities during the period of training. Among the speed parameters, the following variables were selected as criterion variables namely speed, stride length and stride frequency. All the subjects were tested on selected criterion variables prior to and immediately after the training period. Speed was assessed by 50mts run, stride length and stride frequency was assessed by Videograph. The collected data were analyzed statistically by using ‗t'test to determine the differences, if any, among the groups prior to and immediately after the training period on selected criterion variables separately. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the differences, if any, among the adjusted post test means on selected dependent variables separately. Whenever the ‗F' ratio for adjusted post test was found to be significant, the Scheffe's test was applied as post-hoc test to find out paired mean differences. The level of significance was fixed at .05 level of confidence, which was considered as appropriate.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The investigator explained the purpose of training programme to the subjects and their part in the study. For the collection of data, the investigator explained the procedure of testing on selected dependent variables and gave instructions about the procedure to be adopted by them for measuring. Five sessions were spent to familiarize the subjects with the technique involved to execute the resistance training and speed training exercises. It helped them to perform the resistance training and speed training exercises perfectly and avoid injuries. Further, the control group was specially oriented, advised and controlled to avoid the special practice of any of the specific training programme till the end of the experimental period. The subjects of all the groups were sufficiently motivated to perform their maximal level during testing periods.A pilot study was conducted to assess the initial capacity of the subjects to fix the load and also to design the training programme. For that purpose, ten men subjects were selected at random and they were given different kinds of resistance training in the form of weight and plyometric exercises under the watchful eyes of the investigator. During the pilot study, the subjects underwent many weight training and plyometric exercises and only limited exercises which are very closely related to develop the dependent variables were located and selected to design the training programme. The initial loads of the subjects were fixed based on the results of the pilot study and the direction given by Dan Wathen and William B. Allerheibigen. The training load and programme were fixed for varied velocity resistance training and speed training respectively. While constructing the training programmes the basic principles of sports training (progression of overload and specificity) were followed. During construction of the training programme, the individual differences were also be considered.During the training period, the experimental groups underwent their respective training programmes in addition to their regular physical education programme of the course of study as per their curriculum. Group I underwent high velocity resistance training followed by speed training, group II underwent medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training and group III underwent low velocity resistance training followed by speed training for four non-alternative days in a week for twelve weeks.The duration of training session in all the days were between one hour to one and half hour approximately which included warming up and limbering down. Group IV acted as control who did not participate in any specific training on par with experimental groups. However, they performed the regular physical education programme of the course of study. All the subjects involved in this study were carefully monitored throughout the training programme to be away from injuries. They were questioned about their health status throughout the training programme. None of them reported with any injuries. However, muscle soreness appeared in the earlier period of the training programme and was reduced in due course. Before the commencement of the experimentation, the investigator recorded the 1 RM for each subject separately for three experimental groups. According to Dan Wathen 1 RM was taken for each subject. The experimental group I, II and III performed the weight and plyometric training at different velocity. According to the Astrand and Stalin (1960), Farfel (1960), Margaria, Ceretelli, Aghemo, and Sassi (1963), Mathews and Fox (1971), the velocity zone was fixed at high, medium and low. High velocity represents 90-100%, medium velocity represents 70-80% and low velocity represents 30-50% of load and intensity. However, the experimental group I, II and III performed the speed training at same intensity such as 70-90%.
The percentage of velocity of training for experimental groups are presented in Table I. The analysis of dependent ‗t'test on the data obtained for selected speed parameters of the pre-tests and posttests of experimental groups and control group have been analyzed and presented in Table II The ‗t'test values between the pre and post-test means of experimental groups and control group on speed were 17.54, 11.42, 7.99 and 0.37 respectively. Since the obtained ‗t'-test value of experimental groups are greater than the required table value 2.14 with df 14 at .05 level of confidence, it is concluded that high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups had significant improvement in the performance of speed. However, control group has no significant improvement in the performance of speed. The ‗t'-test values between the pre and post-test means of experimental groups and control group on stride length were 13.38, 10.33,3.58 and 0.00 respectively. Since the obtained ‗t'-test value of experimental groups are greater than the required table value 2.14 with df 14 at .05 level of confidence, it is concluded that high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups had significant improvement in the performance of stride length. However, control group has no significant improvement in the performance of stride length. The ‗t'-test values between the pre and post-test means of experimental groups and control group on stride frequency were 2.66, 3.53, 0.61 and 0.48 respectively. Since the obtained ‗t'-test value of high and medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups are greater than the required table value 2.14 with df 14 at .05 level of confidence. However, the obtained ‗t'-test value of low velocity resistance training followed by speed training and control groups are less than the required table value of 2.14 with df 14 at .05 level of confidence. It is concluded that high and medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups had significant improvement in the performance of stride frequency. However, low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group has no significant improvement in the performance of stride frequency.
The analysis of covariance on the data obtained for selected speed parameters of the adjusted post-tests of experimental groups and control group have been analyzed and presented in Table III. The adjusted post test mean values of speed for high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups and control group are 6.75, 6.88, 7.11 and 7.28 respectively. The obtained ‗F'ratio of 59.04 for adjusted post test mean is more than the table value of 2.78 for df 3 and 55 required for significance at .05 level of confidence. The results of the study indicate that there is significant difference among the adjusted post test means of high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups and control group on the development of speed. The adjusted post test mean values of stride length for high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups and control group are 1.77, 1.75, 1.71 and 1.67 respectively. The obtained ‗F'ratio of 19.06 for adjusted post test mean is more than the table value of 2.78 for df 3 and 55 required for significance at .05 level of confidence. The results of the study indicate that there is significant difference among the adjusted post test means of high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups and control group on the development of stride length. The adjusted post test mean values of stride frequency for high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups and control group are 4.21, 4.18, 4.11 and 4.10 respectively. The obtained ‗F'ratio of 3.61 for adjusted post test mean is more than the table value of 2.78 for df 3 and 55 required for significance at .05 level of confidence. The results of the study indicate that there is significant difference among the adjusted post test means of high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups and control group on the development of stride frequency.

TABLE III ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON SPEED, STRIDE LENGTH AND STRIDE FREQUENCY BETWEEEN ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEANS OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
The scheffe's test for the differences between the adjusted post-test paired means on selected speed parameters of experimental and control groups have been analyzed and presented in Table IV.  The adjusted post test mean difference on speed between high and medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, high and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group, medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group and between low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group are 0.13, 0.36, 0.53, 0.23, 0.40 and 0.17 respectively. These values are greater than the confidence interval value 0.10, which shows significant difference at .05 level of confidence. It may be concluded from the results of the study that there is a significant difference in speed between the adjusted post test means of high and medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, high and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group, medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group and between low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group. However, the improvement of speed was significantly higher for high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group than medium and low velocity resistance training group followed by speed training groups. It may be concluded that high velocity resistance training followed by speed training is better than the medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training in improving speed. The adjusted post test mean difference on stride length between high and medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, high and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group, medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group and between low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group are 0.03, 0.06, 0.10, 0.03, 0.07 and 0.04 respectively. These values are greater than the confidence interval value 0.03, which shows significant difference at .05 level of confidence. It may be concluded from the results of the study that there is a significant difference in stride length between the adjusted post test means of high and medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, high and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group, medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group and between low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group. However, the improvement of stride length was significantly higher for high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group than medium and low velocity resistance training group followed by speed training groups. It may be concluded that high velocity resistance training followed by speed training is better than the medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training in improving stride length. The adjusted post test mean difference on stride frequency between high and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group are 0.11 and 0.10 respectively. These values are greater than the confidence interval value 0.10 which shows significant difference at .05 level of confidence. It may be concluded from the results of the study that there is a significant difference in stride frequency between high and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group. The adjusted post test mean difference in stride frequency between high and medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group, low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group are 0.03, 0.07, 0.08 and 0.01 respectively. These values are less than the confidence interval value 0.10. It may be concluded from the results of the study that there is no significant difference exist in stride frequency between the adjusted post test means of high and medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training groups, medium velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group, low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group and control group. However, the improvement of stride frequency was significantly higher for high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group than medium and low velocity resistance training group followed by speed training groups. It may be concluded that high velocity resistance training followed by speed training is better than the medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training in improving stride frequency. These findings are in line with the findings of (Wilson,1994), (Jones, 1996), (Schwendal,1991), (Rajasekaran,1999), (Donali,1995), (Delecluse,1995). It is inferred from the results of the present study that all the dependent variables were significantly improved due to the effect of high, medium, and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training. Experimental groups namely high, medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training group had significantly improved the selected dependent variables namely speed, stride length and stride frequency when compared to the control group.

Variable
2. It is also found that the improvement caused by high velocity resistance training followed by speed training was greater when compared to the effects caused by both medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training.

CONCLUSION
It may be concluded that high velocity resistance training followed by speed training group is found to be better than medium and low velocity resistance training followed by speed training to increase speed, stride length and stride frequency.

INTRODUCTION:
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in India in the 21st century, with morbid obesity affecting 5% of the country's population. India is following a trend of other developing countries that are steadily becoming more obese. Obesity is detrimental to overall health and physical performance. In India women's health is never considered a priority in compare to men's health. But now this concept is changing and women's are also aware of their health. In today's glamorous world every woman wants to be slim with flat abs. Excess amount of body fat is linked to several diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and certain type of cancers, and they increase the morbidity and mortality. The mortality rate increases by 50% to100% when the body mass index (BMI) is equal to or greater than 30Kg.m -2 .Most of the women after 30's suffered from abdominal obesity or disproportion in hip and waist ratio. It appears to serve as platform for variety of clinical health problems, in addition to greater risk of serious illness. It poses other mechanical limitation that limit performance of daily activities. As individual ages, they may lose the ability to regulate energy intake based on physiologic cues, leading to overeating and weight gain. High caloric food with low in nutrients density and sedentary life style are two major causes of obesity.Several methods are used to determine a person's ideal body weight; however in many cases especially for athletes, ideal body weight may be unrealistic. Thus, it is better to focus on a healthy body weight rather than ideal body weight. Healthy body weight is different for each individual, athlete or non athlete, and is one that is relative to a person's overall health profile. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 Kg . m-2 ) and overweight (BMI 25 to 29.5 Kg.m -2 ) are serious health issue in India and other developing countries. Body weight is one of the components of Body composition. It is measured by a balance beam or digital scale and compared with height and weight table. Now the question arises, how the normal body weight is important. Normal bodyweight is very important for healthy life; it reduces the risk of disease. Because overweight is one of the biggest cause of many disease. The normal body weight range in Body mass index is 18.5 to 24.5. i.e. if, the person is having the BMI within the range of 18.5 to 24.5 is normal weight.

WHAT RESEARCH SAYS?
Obesity is prevalent among all the age groups and is on the rise among adults especially the women worldwide in both developed and developing countries (Wang andHoy 2004, Flegal 2005). In 2008, 34% of U.S adults were considered obese. -Recent data from the Indian National Family Health Survey of 1998-1999 shows the major nutrition problem facing women continues to be under-nutrition, but 12 percent of the women found classified as overweight, and 2 percent were obese,‖ (postdoctoral fellow Dr. Paula Griffiths). -In the large cities of Andhra Pradesh, where 4 percent of the sample lives, researcher found 37 percent of women were overweight or obese.‖ Research revels about 10% cause of infertility is because of obesity. The major affect of obesity in women is hormonal imbalance which causes infertility. The production of excess fat cell manufactures plenty of hormone estrogen. Too much of estrogen in women works in similar manner as if it were on birth control pills. It results in the egg not being released. This situation may give rise to some medical condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). According to NFHS (National Family Health Survey) based data from 2007, In India 16% females are obese and rank 15 in world, in Maharashtra 18.1% females are obese and rank 13 in Indian states.

CAUSES OF OBESITY
1. Diet -Diet high in fat, salt and sugar are directly linked to obesity. -Fast food‖ diets are significant weight gain issues. Meal size is also related to obesity. In many cases, people that typically eat oversized portions at meal time will be at a higher risk for obesity.
2. Genetics -Some people have a family history of chronic illness, and obesity can be one of them. Weight loss is more difficult in people with slower metabolisms than an average person. If the person has inherit a sluggish metabolism, insulin insensitivity or even diabetes, than the person is at higher risk category for obesity and need medical and possibly dietary, intervention to prevent obesity.
3. Lack of Exercise -It is one of the important causes to obesity. Sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions leads to obesity. Person has to spend a majority of day moving instead of sitting (at computers, in front of the TV, playing video games. etc.).

Medical
Abnormalities -Sometimes, healthy people suddenly start gaining weight rapidly, without deviating from their normal diet or exercise routine. That could be a sign of a medical problem (like stress hyperthyroidism or diabetes) or a hormone imbalance.

TYPE OF OBESITY
1. Android type -It is characterized by a distribution of fat on abdominal wall, oblique, chest and upper back. Weight loss with this fat pattern is usually easier, but the risk of diseases is high. This type is more common in men but after menopause common in women. 2. Gynoid type -It is characterized by a distribution of fat on buttock, hips and thighs. This type of fat is more difficult to lose, and the risk of diseases is less. This type is more common in women.

OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the percentage of overweight and obese women in Nasik city. 2. To know the health risk factor in overweight and obese women.

METHODOLOGY:
The study was undertaken to know the overweight and health related risk factors in women's of Nasik city. It can be concluded that twenty four percent overweight and fifteen percent obese women are at primary health risk and only seven percent and ten percent of them are at secondary risk.

CONCLUSION:
The study shows that out of hundred women's 41% are overweight and 25% are obese by calculating there BMI. Overweight and obesity may increase the health risk among the women. It was found during the study that 24% overweight women's are at primary risk category and 7% are at secondary health risk, similarly 15% of obese women's are at primary risk and 10% at secondary risk. Obesity in women with sedentary lifestyle can lead to health risk factors and may rise to many diseases like hypertension, Diabetes type II, bone and joint problem etc .Weight management has to be very important with proper diet and exercise and hence weight loss exercise was recommended to the overweight and obese respondents

Introduction:
From the origin of our life, our first view comes to the body. Even now our ancestor uses to say about the body size, height and posture. They classified the body type suited to the related event of sport. In Manipur, football women team are considerable one, as per Senior National Women's Football Championship Manipur become top most, most time winner of the championship is Manipur, and 3 times become only the runner since from 1991-1992 championship to till 2010-2011 championship. The contributions are very high in national level, but still there is need of improvement for better performance. Sports historians claim that soccer is the oldest team sport in the world. While no one is quite sure exactly where it began, they know that a kicking game called tsu chu was played by the Chinese over 2,500 years ago, ‗‗where participants tried to kick a leather ball filled with hair between bamboo poles‖. There are many factors which are related to sport performance; in common we can say the performance is combination of fitness, skill ability, motor control and motor educability. Ideally speaking person having good performance is not enough with practice. Genetic play vital role in performing physical activities. Generally we look first the structure of the body who big the individual is, how height or how weight. It gives the some idea that the common thinking may have the change to be right in reality.
Sorojini had conducted a study to 38 Meitei women football players and another 100 non-athlete women individuals, who have at least attained 18 years of age been collected. Majority of the football players (71.05%) were national and international level players, while the rest (28.95%) were state level players. Based on 27 anthropometric variables inclusive of 3 skin fold measurement, reports for the first time, on women football players, specially of India. At large, the football players with 153.84 cm as mean stature show quite similar features in linear and limb measurements with the controlled group who also have a mean stature of153.94 cm, except that of the former have significantly larger bitrochanteric and bi-iliocristale breadths and of neck, upper arm girth, fore arm girth and thigh and calf girth measurements. Moreover, the players too show larger proportions or mean Z values in the same above 4 limb girth measurements, biiliocristale breadths and lean body mass, than the controlled group and the differences are significant. Having withstructurally larger physical features and body proportions, specially, of upper arm, fore arm, thigh and calf girth measurements, bi-trochanteric and bi-iliocristale breadths and heavier body weight from the non athletes, when many other linear and limb measurements are found to be similar between the two groups of the Meitei women sample, may be due to the course of development which took place after the long term regular and rigorous physical exercise and nutritional intake pattern among the players. Drawing of athlete and the non-athlete samples in bigger size comparatively from the larger families and also from the lower social class status families, may be in consonant with the general sociodemographic and economic background of the population of the state which belonged to the lower per capita income of Rs 12,228/-against Rs  Manipur, 2002). The trend of producing more athletes of team games such as football, hockey and basketball etc. not from the higher social class groups have also been observed even in western societies (Roy and Uday, 1996). Apart from all, encouragement and the apparent socio-cultural sanction of the women in games and sports like in the field of arts and culture, seems to have contributed profoundly in enhancing sports pursuits of the Meitei women. Nandalal conducted a comparative study on selected muscular strength, flexibility and body composition of state and national level football, volleyball and handball players of Manipur, 300 male players age range from 17-25 years has taken 50 players for each group were randomly selected. The data pertaining to all the selected variables obtained through 3 groups were statistically analysed employing F-test (analysis of variance) for selected muscular strength, flexibility and body composition. Significant difference obtained on muscular strength (abdominal strength) body composition (fat %) body composition (lean body mass) among state level football, volleyball and handball players and no significant difference were obtained in the shoulder strength, back strength, explosive leg strength, flexibility and body composition (total body fat) . No significant different obtain among national level football, volleyball and handball players. No significance differences obtained among state and national level football players. Significant different obtained on back strength among state and national level volleyball player. Where as no significant different were obtain in abdominal strength, shoulder strength, explosive leg strength, flexibility, body fat % , lean body mass and total body fat. Significant difference obtained on back strength, flexibility, % of body fat among state and national level handball players where as no significant differences obtained in abdominal strength, shoulder strength, explosive leg strength, flexibility, body composition (lean body mass and total body fat). Tujare had conducted a profile study of collegiate football players in Pune University. Health related physical fitness, motor fitness, football skill and psychological profiles of attackers, goalkeepers, defenders and midfielders are not parallel. It seems that the health related fitness, motor fitness; football skill profiles could contribute better psychological profiles of the football players. Health related physical fitness, motor fitness, football skill and physiological profiles of attackers, goalkeepers, defenders and midfielders are not parallel. It seems that the health related fitness, motor fitness; football skill profiles could contribute better physiological profiles of the football players. Health related physical fitness, motor fitness; football skill profiles of attackers, goal keepers, defenders are parallel. It seems to be Health related physical fitness profiles could not contribute better motor fitness profiles of the football players. Motor fitness profiles could not contribute better skill profiles of the football players. The results help to consider seeing the different aspect of physical responses with related to the position of the play the research had chosen this research work to find out the different level of anthropological measurement of the women's football players.

Method:
The scholar would like to compare the selected nine variables (viz. Height, weight, BMI and neck, upper arm, fore arm, waist, thigh and calf circumference.) of anthropological measurement between women's football players. The subjects for this study were 81 (eighty one) women's football players who participate in national and international competitions. Besides, the subjects had participated recently in the state level competitions organized by All Manipur Football Association. It was found that the maximum six clubs participate in the state competitions and from that the maximum 81 players were drawn out. The players' distribution in women's football players are shown in table no. 1 below. The tester's reliability was established with the help of test retest method, the performance of ten subjects selected at random on the selected variables were recorded several times under identical conditions by the research scholar. A Pearson's Product Moment Correlation was computed between the two measures of each variable, the reliability coefficient had shown higher values. Body weight (.992), stature or standing height(.990), body mass index (BMI) (.993), Neck circumference (.980), upper (.943) and fore arm (.949) circumference, waist circumference (.913), thigh circumference (.906) and calf circumferences (.895). The subject of different position of play namely goalie, back, half and striker groups were compared in the selected body measurement variables statistically analyses with Duncan's multi-group design-four groups with unequal N's the significant difference level was fix at 0.05 level of confidence.

Result:
Comparison of body weights between the goalie Gr1, back Gr2, half Gr3 and striker Gr4: The comparison of mean weight among goalie, back, half and striker of national and international level of Manipur women's football players is presented in Table 2. Group 4 was reliably inferior to groups 2 (mean diff. R p value -3.06352> R p = 2.304728 at 0.05 level) and 1(mean diff. R p value -3.50389 > R p = 2.575544 at 0.05 level), but no reliable difference with group 3. Group 3 was reliably inferior to group 1(mean diff. R p value -3.18889 > R p = 2.304728 at 0.05 level), but no reliable difference with 2. Group 2 had no reliable difference with group 1. Group 1 was reliably superior to groups 3 and 4. Comparison of height between the goalie, back, half and striker of women's football players: The comparison of mean height among Goalie, back, half and striker of National and International level Manipur women's football players is presented in Table 3. Group 4 was reliably inferior to group 1(mean diff. R p value -0.053 > R p = 0.030216 at 0.05 level), but higher in fore arm than strikers (mean diff. R p value -0.49398 > R p = 0.466183 at 0.05 level), no significant different found to other different position of players; table 40 and 41 indicated that goalies (mean diff. R p value -1.15333 > R p = 0.924618 at 0.05 level) and backs (mean diff. R p value -1.2737 > R p = 1.217017 at 0.05 level); back were higher thigh circumference than Goalies(mean diff. R p value 1.085185 > R p = 0.738219 at 0.05 level), Half (mean diff. R p value -0.89185 > R p = 0.738219 at 0.05 level) and Strikers (mean diff. R p value -1.30685 > R p = 0.560856 at 0.05 level); no significant difference found in calf circumference.
It was found that different positions of players were having different body measurement their weight, height and different body parts girth. So it may conclude that there was possible for establishing for the selection criteria of selection for the more successful player with related to Anthropometric measurement. And Researcher would like to consider other factors affection performance like physiological, motor fitness, balance and coordination and health related fitness component etc. should have the possibility of different score to different position of play.

Acknowledgments
The research scholar take the opportunity to extend his sincere gratitude to Research Degree Committee and the Board of Studies of the School of Social Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal, for having granted their kind permission to take up research work in this topic. The scholar owe his unbounded and eternal sense of gratitude to Dr. S. Ranjit Singh, D.M. College of Science, Imphal, who inspired him to take up the present study, who gave him scholarly and competent guidance, careful supervision, encouragement, appreciations, confidence, tireless zeal and deep insight, courage and great enthusiasm for the successful accomplishment of the study. Wards are inadequate to express thanks to young band of subjects (women's footballers) without whose co-operation, enthusiasm and sincerity, this Endeavour would not have been completed. The scholar is also grateful to Rajiv Gandhi Research Fellowship Scheme of University Grants Commission, for releasing the Junior and Senior Research Fellowship grants in time, without which the study would not have been completed. Last, but not the least the scholar wanted to convey his gratefulness and heartiest thanks to his parents, Brothers, Sisters and wife for their tolerance and motivation provided to him from time to time. Everything cannot be mentioned but nothing is forgotten. So, the research scholar once again thank to his friends circle, colleagues and all those who have criticized and appreciated, which paid a great dial in his long cherished dream to take up such research work and to bring it to fruition.
Nongmaithem Sunderlal Singh  The purpose of physical education is to instill in students, at an early age, the value of self preservation and choosing a lifestyle that is good for both the mind and body. Most physical education programs are holistic. The program allows student to interact together to a common goal and that is to win and excel physically. It brings out the competitive sides of students working both body and mind but also promotes sportsmanship. This paper primarily aims to -give an insight into the health benefits of physical education programs for students within the school system‖. It also provides legislative / regulatory recommendations for the purpose of improving the quality of physical education. The paper concludes that by addressing the quality, quantity and intensity of physical education across the country (the educational as well as the activity component), policymakers will maximize children's potential for a lifetime of:  physical activity,  health, and  wellness. Key words: Physical education, school, students, active living, health, program, education, and strategies.

Introduction:
Quality, daily physical education in the nation's schools is an important part of a student's comprehensive, well-rounded education program and a means of positively impacting life-long health and well-being. The optimal physical education program will foster a lifetime commitment to physical activity as part of a healthy lifestyle. Ultimately, improved coordinated school health programs, of which physical education is a central component, will augment other prevention efforts and help to reverse the growing epidemic of childhood obesity which threatens to undo decades of progress in the fight against cardiovascular disease. Effective efforts made now will help children avoid a lifetime of chronic disease and disability.
Physical education develops the students' motor skills and hand-eye coordination. It also develops the upper body muscles through activities like doing pushups as well the lower body muscles (for instance, through stationary jumping jacks, running and jumping exercises, etc.). Programs usually have core training exercises also like doing abdominal crunches. Physical health allows students to function even better in classrooms. A good cardiovascular system developed from regular exercise promotes excellent blood and oxygen circulation. This means more nutrients circulate throughout the body which includes the brain. This circulation produces longer attention span during classes allowing longer concentration and absorption. Students who are active in physical activities like basketball, volleyball, martial arts and running just to name a few are more confident with themselves. It is because of the self discipline and dedication to excel in a sport that brings out the best in students. In school, the physical education program introduces these sport activities to students, allowing them to make choices to which sport areas they want to get involved in. This paper aims to give an insight into the health benefits of physical education programs for students within the school system. It also provides legislative / regulatory recommendations for the purpose of improving the quality of physical education.

Conceptual Framework of Physical Education:
Physical Education fosters personal and community wellness by empowering students to attain healthy, lifelong attitudes and behaviours through physical activity as part of the total educational experience. A Curriculum Framework for Physical Education: Adjusting the Focus builds on the belief that learners in a school setting have a fundamental need and desire for movement. This framework defines physical education as -that part of the educational experience which provides learners with the opportunity to become aware of and engage in physical activity that is whole-bodied, intrinsically valuable and personally meaningful within the context of the learners' social and environmental setting‖.
Physical education, in its broadest sense, contributes to the followings among school students: o demonstrate a commitment to an active living philosophy that is consistent with the pursuit of peace, social justice, and respect for the sacredness and dignity of human life; and o demonstrate an understanding that their actions involve the good of others as well as oneself.

Rationale:
Regular physical activity is associated with a healthier, longer life and with a lower risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and some cancers. Current recommendations are for children to engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity each day. Children spend over half their day in school, so it is reasonable to require that they should get at least 30 minutes of that time in school.
Physical education should be an important part of that requirement and does more than provide some minutes of moderatevigorous activity. It also exposes students to lifetime activities and teaches students how to integrate exercise into their lives. Since childhood obesity rates continue to rise across the regions of the globe, there is public support for more physical education in schools. A study conducted by Opinion Research Corporation International for the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) in 2003 indicated that 81% of adults believe that daily physical education should be mandatory in schools. In a systematic review of physical education programs that increased the amount of time that students were physically active, students' aerobic and physical fitness increased. Additionally, modifying the school physical education curricula has been found to be effective across diverse racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, among boys and girls, elementary and high-school students, and in urban and rural settings. Recent research shows that regular exercise can restore blood vessel function and improve cardiovascular risk factors in obese children. A six-month exercise program has been found to reduce:  body mass index,  diabetes risk factors, and  low-degree inflammation.
Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study published in 2004 showed that physical education programs do have an impact in combating childhood obesity, especially in young adolescent girls. Just an extra hour of exercise a week lessened obesity in young overweight girls.
Benefits extend beyond improvement in health status. Studies in California suggest that children who are more physically fit perform better on standardized mathematics and reading test scores. It has been discovered that: o children who participate in school physical education programs do not experience a harmful effect on their standardized test scores, and o higher grades are associated with vigorous activity.
The quality of the physical education program, not just the time spent being active during physical education, is the foremost concern. Physical education policy should prioritize quality while, simultaneously and/or subsequently, trying to -increase the amount of time children spend in class‖.
The need for children and youth to engage in regular physical activity as a pre-requisite for achieving optimum health has long been recognized. Regular physical activity results in mental and physical well-being. The best documented evidence indicates that: o Active children have more positive attitudes toward physical activity, school and themselves, and academic performance improves significantly. o Children who participate in regular positive physical activity programs, especially aerobic activities, have a more positive self-concept and develop high levels of self-esteem. They exhibit better concentration, show improvements in discipline, and are less aggressive. o Regular physical activity can alleviate stress as well as teach children how to recognize and prevent stress. o Regular physical activity is positively related to muscle strength, size and endurance. o Regular physical activity generally results in an increase in lean body mass and a decrease in body fat, without any significant change in body weight. o Regular physical activity, started in childhood, can increase the peak bone mass of early adulthood, and delay the onset of osteoporosis (bone loss). o Active lifestyles are associated with an improvement of eating habits and with a decline in substance abuse such as smoking and drinking. o Physical exercise can result in additional years of life expectancy.

Dimensions of Physical Education:
The term -physical education‖ evolved from the more restrictive phrase, -physical training‖, which has been in use in North America since the turn of the 20th century. Physical education denotes that the subject is a bona fide field of study in the public school system. The subject matter of physical education is human movement. This content distinguishes physical education as a critical and essential component of school curricula. Physical education, as a school subject, is directed towards understanding human movement, including the human and environmental factors that affect and are affected by movement. The ways in which people use this ability is related to other aspects of their functioning as whole persons. Human movement can be viewed in three dimensions:  Education about movement involves the cognitive processes that are concerned with learning concepts, rules and procedures ranging from simple spontaneous movements to complex structured movements. Learners may draw upon games, sport, athletics, swimming, rhythmics and dance, and outdoor pursuits in combination with other disciplines such as anatomy, physiology, physics, psychology, or aesthetics to conduct study and inquiry. At the primary or elementary level, the theme of ‗movement' might take on a project with references to pastimes and games. This may be conducted within a physical education unit or integrated with other subjects. Movement concepts such as running, jumping, throwing, catching, turning and twisting might be introduced, observed and practiced. At the intermediate and senior high levels, knowledge about movement may be broken down into specialty areas (anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, movement as culture, history of games) or integrated with other subjects. Education about movement is confined to the transmission and transaction of -movement knowledge‖.  Education through movement is concerned with the affective contribution of movement as a means to an end. In this dimension, movement is used to achieve outcomes such as moral values and conduct, aesthetic understanding and appreciation, social interaction and socialization, or the use of leisure time that may be extrinsic to any specific activity.  Education in movement is concerned with the qualities that are an inherent part of movement itself. In this dimension, movement provides an opportunity to participate in activities that are intrinsically valuable, holistic, culturally significant, and an important source of personal meaning and knowledge. Education in movement has to do with knowing how to move, engaging in physical activities and having a direct, lived-body experience with movement that is intrinsic to any particular physical activity. While education in movement emphasizes the -learner-as-mover‖, it relates to and draws upon the other dimensions at different times and in varying degrees according to the situation and setting. It is here, in movement, when the three dimensions meet, that education as transformation can take place in physical education.
Viewed within these three dimensions, physical education is a form of human knowledge in and about movement that emphasizes content and process (the what and how of education). Through movement, learners can strive to achieve physical education outcomes that foster citizenship. All three dimensions are inter-connected to encompass the entire physical activity experience. Physical education, as a school subject, contributes to the promotion and building of active living schools and communities.

Physical Education as a Medium for Active Living:
Physical Education as a medium for active living in a school setting engages the -whole person‖:  Physically: through high level participation in appropriately selected activities,  Mentally: through concentration and intensity while learning new concepts and skills,  Emotionally: through the confidence that comes from enjoying established skills,  Socially: through associating with others, and  Spiritually: through satisfaction, contentment, and a sense of inner peace.
Active living contributes to individual wellness through the innate -experience of the moment‖ and is reinforced on a daily basis through the knowledge, skills and feelings of enhanced self-esteem and wellness that develop over time. Active living is a way of life in which physical activity is valued and integrated into daily living. Active living is anchored in three fundamental axioms that lead to the guiding principles for school physical education: o Individual: It recognizes that people are active for all sorts of reasons: work, play, challenge and achievement, health and personal development, contemplation and relaxation, creative and cultural expression, and social interaction. o Social: It focuses on the individual, but it also recognizes that social norms and values, available resources, influential learners and other factors affect our choices and opportunities for participation. Our choices, in turn, affect these factors. o Inclusive: It provides essential ways to express who we are as individuals or groups. It is a right of all citizens, regardless of: a) ability, b) age, c) gender, d) race, e) ethnic background, f) religion, g) socio-economic status, or h) educational achievement.

Active Living is more than Personal Well-being:
An active living philosophy acknowledges learners as -being multidimensional persons in an interdependent world‖. Rooted in the active living axioms, a rationale for physical education must be conceptualized in a way that starts with a holistic view of learners within a societal and ecological context. This conception must identify the interdependence of personal health with societal health and environmental or ecological health. On an individual level, physical education, as an agent for health and wellness, can promote personal responsibility and control for active lifestyles.
However, equally as important, physical education must focus school students' attention towards understanding the problems of the social environment that may inhibit them and others from pursuing active lifestyles. The challenge for physical education is to engage learners in experiences which require them to take personal responsibility for active and healthy lifestyles, while critically examining how society and the environment influences individual health in both positive and negative ways. As examples, provision for outdoor play space in a school yard provides opportunities for active living, while offering rhythmic activities to females only in a school prolongs stereotyping and restricts male access to valuable movement experiences. School personnel, as well as students, need to critically examine the social and environmental factors within their specific school-community settings that both facilitate and impede student participation in physical activity.
Socialization (defined as -the process by which individuals become involved in physical activity and the roles they adopt‖) surrounding physical activity appears to occur at a very early age, with males and females encountering differential treatment. Through study and inquiry in physical education, teachers can encourage students to confront and reshape cultural norms and values about physical activity, countering the socialization of students toward inequity and inactivity.

Suggested Strategies:
A high quality physical education program enhances the physical, mental, and social/emotional development of every child and incorporates fitness education and assessment to help children understand, improve and/or maintain their physical wellbeing. In this matter, following legislative and/or regulatory strategies can be recommended:  Require all schools to develop and implement a planned, sequential physical education curriculum that adheres to national and state standards for health and physical education;  Hire a physical education coordinator at the state level to provide resources and offer support to school districts across the state;  Offer regular professional development opportunities to physical education teachers which are specific to the field and require teachers to keep aware of emerging technologies, model programs, and improved teaching methods;  Add requirements for fitness, cognitive, and affective assessment in physical education that are based on student improvement and knowledge gain;  Assure that programs have appropriate equipment and adequate indoor and outdoor facilities;  Require that students are active in moderate-vigorous physical activity for at least 50% of class time;  Disallow substitutions for physical education with activities such as marching band or school sports;  Do not allow students to opt out of physical education to prepare for other classes or standardized tests; and  Require physical education for graduation and count the physical education grade as part of students' overall grade-point averages.

Conclusion:
Authentic physical education means the use of physical activity as a medium in, through and about which students are informed and their minds opened. Students who are comfortable with their bodies tend to exhibit a general boost in confidence and soon become more willing to take risks in other areas of school life, including their academic studies. Students need to understand that their world is socially constructed, that all knowledge is historically, culturally and socially situated, and linked to their own personal histories and experiences. Through the process of personal development, students become active agents in re-creating or transforming the social conditions in their lives on a personal and global level.
Physical education plays a vital role in the students' development and growth. According to recent medical studies, physical well being of a student is directly related to his or her performance whether in class or in the office. At least 50 percent of class time should be spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity. To sum up, -by addressing the quality, quantity and intensity of physical education across the country (the educational as well as the activity component), policymakers will maximize children's potential for a lifetime of physical activity, health and wellness‖. Physical education is a social construct, -a selection from culture, which contains explicit and implicit values about appropriate missions, goals and objectives‖.

INTRODUCTION
Sports communication I think about the advancement in technology that has broadened the spectrum of sports and athletes. This includes a radio broadcast, to newspaper articles, to the mass media, the internet and social media. Sport communication is the engine that reaches out to sport fans and its audience in the sports industry. We have seen that without sport communication, the many facts of covering sports scores, news updates, and issues within the industry would not be communicated in a timely manner.

NEWS PAPER AND MAGAZINE
The press is the oldest medium regularly informing people about sports. From the beginning, sports teams showed keen interest in print media coverage: Newspapers formed the principal means of bringing news of coming events and results of past events. News of coming events built audiences for sporting contests and, together with the results of past events, helped to sell newspapers One of the first publications dealing exclusively With sports appeared in 18th century England: the Racing Calendar edited by the English Jockey Club. Founded in 1751, this club for upper-class people regularly informed its members about sporting rules and forthcoming horse races through its publications. The first sports magazines were also released in England: Sporting Magazine, founded in 1792; and Sporting Life, in 1821. Both magazines mainly covered horse races as betting on horses became very popular at that time, people needed information and hints to place their bets. An American pioneer of sports writing was William T. Porter who founded The Spirit of the Times at the beginning of the 1830s.

RADIO & TELEVISION
Up to the early 20th century, the only way to share the immediate drama of a sports event was either to play or to attend. But then came radio. The added value of the radio compared to the printed media is the opportunity of live reporting. From the very beginning the radio took advantage of this asset. Live radio reporting gave the impression of being there, of being a witness of something emotional and suspenseful. Announcers learned very quickly to give the impression of dense and dramatic events. Another advantage of the radio was and still is its very fast speed. Results and scores can be diffused instantaneously in a very flexible program. And the radio medium can reach people at any time anywhere, i.e., in the car, at the workplace, on the beach, etc. Technically, radio stations and their reporters can very easily be interconnected so that radio listeners can virtually move from one place to another.
In Great Britain, the BBC radio channel forbade sports news before 7 o'clock in the evening until 1926. Even in 1928, during the Olympic Summer Games in Amsterdam, BBC sports reporters were only allowed to read news agency bulletins and only after 6 o'clock in the evening. At the 1932 Olympic Summer Games in Los Angeles, broadcasting time was limited to 15 minutes per day.
Television has clearly become the leading medium in the context of sports. Like the radio, this medium allows live reporting, but because it transmits not Only sound but also live images, the feeling of -being there‖ is even stronger for television spectators than for radio listeners. So, with television, major sporting contests are no longer available just to spectators witnessing the event in person, but also to many millions more who can view the spectacle in their own homes, thanks to their television sets. The added