Abstract

The hands are anatomically specialized for manipulative tasks with different physical objects, where they can cope with certain loads with different forces and intensity. During various physical and sports activities, the hands produce the appropriate muscular force for gripping, which manifests as the hand grip's force. For this reason, hand grip strength (HGS) is recognized as a limiting factor in all manipulative activities performed by the cranial part of the body. The current research included a sample of 22 subjects, 16 male Body Height (BH=180.28±4.65cm); Body Weight (BW=80.05±9.96kg), Body Mass Index (BMI=24.61±2.74kg/m²) and 6 female subjects Body Height (BH=167.42±11.11cm); Body Weight (BW=64.80±10.09kg); Body Mass Index (BMI=23.02±1.57kg/m²) on the third year of study at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. This study aimed to determine the maximum isometric muscle force of the handgrip and differences between the same gender of students. A t-test for small samples was applied for data processing, and the relevant statistical parameters were calculated. The obtained t-test results confirmed statistically significant differences between the so-called dominant and non-dominant hands in male subjects (t=4.158; p<0.05) and female subjects (t=3.176; p<0.05). The obtained results of this research will be used for analytical and diagnostic purposes with a wide range of activities in the population of physical education and sports students (assessment of physical ability, trends, and tendencies to monitor and change abilities, influence on the implementation of certain curricula of some subjects studied at the faculty, etc.).

Keywords

Hand grip strength, Students, Dimorphism, Physical Education, Sports Students,

References

  1. B. Tyldesley, J.I. Grieve, (1996). Muscles, nerves and movement: Kinesiology in daily living (Sec. Ed.) (pp.150-175). England: Blackwell Science LTD.
  2. H. Carreira, T.F. Amaral, C. Brás-Silva, MP. Bruno, M. Oliveira, N. Borges, Hand grip strength in a sample of 11 to 14 years old children, Acta Médica Portuguesa, 23 (5) (2010) 811-818.
  3. M. Vaz, S. Thangam, A. Prabhu, P.S Shetty, Maximal voluntary contraction as a functional indicator of adult chronic under nutrition, British Journal of Nutrition, 7(1) (1996) 9-15.
  4. TH. Musa, W. Li, L. Xiaoshan, Y. Guo, Y. Wenjuan, Y. Xuan, P. Pu Yue, W. Pingmin, Association of normative values of grip strength with anthropometric variables among students, in Jiangsu Province, Homo, 69 (1-2) (2018) 70-76.
  5. S. Koley, Y.K. Mahendra, An Association of Hand Grip Strength With Some Anthropometric Variables In Indian Cricket Players, Facta universitatis - series: Physical Education and Sport, 7(2) (2009) 113-123.
  6. Y. Beloosesky, A. Weiss, M. Manasian, M. Salai, Handgrip strength of the elderly after hip fracture repair correlates with functional outcome, Disability and Rehabilitation, 32 (5) (2010) 367-673.
  7. MC. Gunther, A. Burger, M. Rickert, A. Crispin, UC. Schulz, Grip strenght in healthy Caucasian adults: reference values, Journal of Hand Surgery, 33(4) (2008) 558-565.
  8. M. Dopsaj, J. Ivanović, M. Blagojević, G. Vučković, Descriptive, Functional and Sexual Dimorphism of Exsplosive Isometric Hand Grip Force in Healthy University Students in Serbia, Facta Universitatis Series: Physical Education and Sport, 7(2) (2009) 125 – 139.
  9. R.W. Bohannon, Dynamometer measurements of hand-grip strength predict multiple outcomes, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(2) (2001) 323–328.
  10. B.N. Davies, E.J. Greenwood, S.R. Jones, Gender difference in the relationship of performance in the handgrip and standing long jump tests to lean limb volume in young adults, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 58 (3) (1998) 315-320.
  11. F. Agazadeh, K. Lee, A. Waikar, Impact of anthropometric and personal variables on grip strength, Journal of Human Ergology, 22(2) (1993) 75-81.
  12. T. Jürimäe, T. Hurbo, J. Jürimäe, Relationship of handgrip strength with anthropometric and body composition variables in prepubertal children, Homo, 60 (3) (2009) 225-238.
  13. S. Koley, S.B. Kumaar, The Relation Between Handgrip Strength and Selected Hand-Anthropometric Variables in Indian Inter-University Softball Players, Facta universitatis - series: Physical Education and Sport, 10 (1) (2012) 13-21.
  14. R. Cooper, D. Kuh, R. Hardy, Mortality Review Group; FALCon and HALCyon Study Teams. Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ. 9 (2010) 341:c4467.
  15. H. Frederiksen, D. Gaist, H.C. Petersen, J. Hjelmborg, M. McGue, J. Vaupel, K. Christensen, Hand Grip Strength: A Phenotype Suitable for Identifying Genetic Variants Affecting Mid-and Late-Life Physical Functioning, Genetic Epidemiology, 23 (2) (2002) 110–122.
  16. P. Watts, V. Newbury, J. Sulentic, Acute changes in handgrip strength, endurance, and blood lactate with sustained sport rock climbing, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 36(4) (1996) 255-260.
  17. B. Tan, A.R. Aziz, K.C. Teh, H.C. Lee, Grip strength measurement in competitive ten – pin bowlers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(1) (2001) 68-72.
  18. D.J. Wassmer, S.J. Mookerjee, A descriptive profile of elite U.S. women's collegiate field hockey players, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 42(2)(2002) 165-171.
  19. N.C. Lucki, C.W. Nicolay, Phenotypic plasticity and functional asymmetry in response to grip forces exerted by intercollegiate tennis players, The American Journal of Human Biology. (19) (2007) 566-577.
  20. D.R. Melrose, F.J. Spaniol, M.E. Bohling, R.A. Bonnette, Physiological and performance characteristics of adolescent club volleyball players, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(2) (2007) 481-487.
  21. S. Koley, S. Singh, S. Kaur, A study of arm anthropometric profile in Indian interuniversity basketball players, Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 5(1) (2002) 35-40.
  22. N.A. Incel, E. Ceceli, P.B. Durukan, H.R. Erdem, Z.R. Yorgancioglu, Grip strength: effect of hand dominance, Singapore Medical Journal, 43 (5) (2002) 234- 237.
  23. M. Dopsaj, N. Koropanovski, G. Vučković, M. Blagojević, B. Marinković, D. Miljuš, Maximal isometric hand grip force in well-trained university students in Serbia: Descriptive, functional and sexual dimorphic model, Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 1(4) (2007) 138-147.
  24. A.E.J. Miller, J.D. MacDougall, M.A. Tarnopolsky, D.G. Sale, Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 66(3) (1993) 254-262.
  25. A.L. Hicks, J. Kent-Braun, D.S. Ditor, Sex differences in human skeletal muscle fatigue, Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 29(3) (2001) 109-112.
  26. S. Chatterjee, B.J. Chowdhuri, Comparison of grip strength and isometric endurance between the right and left hands of men and their relationship with age and other physical parameters, Journal of Human Ergology, 20 (1) (1991) 41-50.
  27. D. MacDougall, H. Wenger, H. Green, (1991). Physiological testing of the high performance athlete (Sec.Ed.). Champaign, Illinois, USA: Human Kinetics Books.
  28. G. Haff, M. Stone, H. O'Bryant, E. Harman, C. Dinan, R. Johnson, K.H. Han, Force-time dependent characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle action, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 11 (4) (1997) 269-272.
  29. E. Müller, U. Benko, C. Raschner, H. Schwameder, Specific fitness training and testing in competitive sports, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32 (1) (2000) 216-220.
  30. J. Ivanović, M. Dopsaj, Functional Dimorphism and Characteristics of Maximal Hand Grip Force in Top Level Female Athletes, Collegium Antropologicum, 36 (4) (2012) 1231–1240.
  31. L. Guidetti, A. Musulin, C. Baldari, Physiological factors in middleweight boxing performance, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42 (3) (2002) 309-314.
  32. L.V. Giles, E.C.Rhodes, J.E.Taunton, The physiology of rock climbing, Sports medicine, 36 (6) (2006) 529-545.
  33. D. Leyk, W. Gorges, D. Ridder, M. Wunderlich, T. Ruther, A. Sievert, D. Essfeld, Hand grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(4) (2007) 415-421.
  34. J. Ivanovic, N. Koropanovski, G. Vuckovic, R. Jankovic, D. Miljus, B. Marinkovic, D. Atanasov, M. Blagojevic, M. Dopsaj, Functional dimorphism and characteristics considering maximal hand grip force in top level athletes in the Republic of Serbia, Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 168 (5) (2009) 297-310.
  35. E.A. Kuzala, M.C. Vargo, The relationship between elbow position and grip strength, American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46 (1992) 509-512.
  36. C. Häger-Ros, B. Rösblad, Norms for grip strength in children aged 4–16 years, Acta Paedriatrica, 91 (6) (2002) 617-625.
  37. M. Kaur, Age-related changes in hand grip strength among rural and urban Haryanvi Jat females, Homo, 60 (5) (2009) 441-450.
  38. D. Kljajić, F. Eminović, S. Trgovčević, R. Dimitrijević, M. Dopsaj, Functional Relationship of Non-Dominant and Dominant Hands in Motor Task-Fist Grip Endurance, Special education and Rehabilitation, 11(1) (2012) 67-85.
  39. M. Dopsaj, D. Kljajić, F. Eminović, M. Koropanovski, R. Dimitrijević, I. Stojković, Model indicators of muscle force characteristics in young and healthy individuals during motor task hand grip: a pilot study, Special education and rehabilitation, 10(1) (2011) 15-36.
  40. N. Massy-Westropp, T. Gill, A. Taylor, R. Bohannon, C. Hill, Hand grip strength: age and gender stratified normative data in a population-based study, BMC Research Notes, 4 (2011) 127.
  41. M.G. Hossain, R. Zyroul, B.P. Pereira, T. Kamarul, Multiple regression analysis of factors influencing dominant hand grip strength in an adult Malaysian population, Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 37 (1) (2012) 65-70.
  42. S. Koley, A.P. Singh, Effect of hand dominance in grip strength in collegiate population of Amritsar, Punjab, India, Anthropologist, 12(1) (2010) 13-16.
  43. A. Gallup, D. O’Brien, D. White, D. Wilson, Handgrip strength and socially dominant behavior in male adolescents, Evolutionary Psychology, 8 (2) (2010) 229-243.
  44. V. Fuster, A. Jerez, A. Ortega, Anthropometry and strength relationship: male-female differences, Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 56 (1) (1998) 49-56.
  45. K. Ertem, M. Inan, S. Yologlu, N. Elmali, A. Harma, S. Sahin, A. Bora, Effects of dominance, body mass index and age on grip and pinch strength, Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 11(4) (2003) 219–223.
  46. C.A. Armstrong, J.A. Oldham, A comparison of dominant and non-dominant hand strength, Journal of Hand Surgery, 24(4) (1999) 421-425.
  47. K. Ertem, A. Harma, A. Cetin, N. Elmali, S. Yologlu, H. Bostan, B. Sakarya, An investigation of hand dominance, average versus maximum grip strength, body mass index and ages as determinants for hand evaluation, Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 13 (3) (2005) 223–227.
  48. A.C. Fry, D. Ciroslan, M.D. Fry, C.D. Le Roux, B.K. Schiling, L.Z. F Chiu, Anthropometric and performance variables discriminating elite American junior men weightlifters, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20 (4) (2006) 861-866.
  49. M.M. Samson, I.B. Meeuwsen, A. Crowe, J.A. Dessens, S.A. Duursma, H.J. Verhaar, Relationships between physical performance measures, age, height and body weight in healthy adults, Age Ageing, 29 (3) (2000) 235-242.